Ụkpụrụ nke mmepụta laser

Gịnị mere anyị ji kwesị ịma ụkpụrụ nke lasers?

Ịmara ọdịiche dị n'etiti laser semiconductor nkịtị, eriri, diski, naLaser YAGnwekwara ike inye aka nweta nghọta ka mma ma tinye aka na mkparịta ụka ndị ọzọ n'oge usoro nhọpụta.

Isiokwu a lekwasịrị anya na sayensị a ma ama: obere okwu mmalite banyere ụkpụrụ nke mmepụta laser, isi nhazi nke laser, na ọtụtụ ụdị laser a na-ahụkarị.

Nke mbụ, ụkpụrụ nke mmepụta laser

A na-emepụta laser site na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ìhè na ihe, nke a maara dị ka mmụba redio a na-akpali akpali; Ịghọta mmụba redio a na-akpali akpali chọrọ nghọta echiche Einstein banyere mwepụ mberede, ịmịkọrọ mmiri, na radieshon a na-akpali akpali, yana ụfọdụ ntọala echiche dị mkpa.

Ntọala nke 1: Ụdị Bohr

Ihe nlereanya Bohr na-enye usoro ime nke atọm, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịghọta otú laser si eme. Atọm mejupụtara nucleus na elektrọn dị n'èzí nucleus, orbitals nke elektrọn abụghị nke a na-eme n'enweghị usoro. Electron nwere naanị ụfọdụ orbitals, nke a na-akpọ orbital dị n'ime steeti ala; Ọ bụrụ na elektrọn dị n'ala, ike ya bụ nke kacha ala. Ọ bụrụ na elektrọn awụli elu site na orbit, a na-akpọ ya steeti mbụ a na-eme ka obi dị ụtọ, ike nke steeti mbụ a na-eme ka obi dị ụtọ ga-adị elu karịa nke steeti ala; A na-akpọ orbit ọzọ steeti nke abụọ a na-eme ka obi dị ụtọ;

Ihe kpatara laser ji eme bụ na elektrọn ga-agagharị n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ụdị a. Ọ bụrụ na elektrọn amịkọrọ ike, ha nwere ike ịgba ọsọ site na ọnọdụ ala gaa na ọnọdụ obi ụtọ; Ọ bụrụ na elektrọn alaghachi site na ọnọdụ obi ụtọ gaa na ọnọdụ ala, ọ ga-ewepụta ike, nke a na-ewepụtakarị n'ụdị laser.

Ntọala nke Abụọ nke Echiche: Echiche Einstein nke Radiation kpaliri

Na 1917, Einstein wepụtara echiche nke radieshon mkpali, nke bụ ntọala echiche maka mmepụta laser na laser: nnabata ma ọ bụ mwepụ nke ihe bụ isi ihe sitere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ubi radieshon na ihe ndị mejupụtara ihe, isi ihe ya bụ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti ọkwa ike dị iche iche. E nwere usoro atọ dị iche iche na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ìhè na ihe: mwepụ mberede, mwepụ mkpali, na mwepụ mkpali. Maka sistemụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị na ya, usoro atọ a na-adịkọ mgbe niile ma nwee njikọ chiri anya.

Mwepụ mberede:

Dịka egosiri na eserese a: elektrọn dị n'ọkwa ike dị elu E2 na-agbanwe onwe ya gaa na ọkwa ike dị ala E1 ma na-ewepụta photon nwere ike nke hv, na hv=E2-E1; A na-akpọ usoro mgbanwe a na-enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na mgbanwe mberede, a na-akpọkwa ebili mmiri ọkụ nke mgbanwe mberede na-apụta a na-akpọ radieshon mberede.

Àgwà nke mwepụta mberede: Foton ọ bụla nwere onwe ya, nwere ntụziaka na usoro dị iche iche, oge ihe merenụ bụkwa nke enweghị usoro. Ọ bụ ìhè na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na nke na-agbawa agbawa, nke abụghị ìhè nke laser chọrọ. Ya mere, usoro mmepụta laser kwesịrị ibelata ụdị ìhè a gbawara agbawa. Nke a bụkwa otu n'ime ihe kpatara ogologo ebili nke laser dị iche iche ji nwee ìhè gbawara agbawa. Ọ bụrụ na achịkwa nke ọma, a pụrụ ileghara oke nke mwepụta mberede na laser anya. Ka laser dị ọcha karịa, dị ka 1060 nm, ọ bụ 1060 nm niile. Ụdị laser a nwere ọnụego nnabata na ike kwụsiri ike.

Ntinye aka kpaliri:

Electron ndị dị n'ọkwa ike dị ala (ebe a na-agbagharị n'ala), mgbe ha mịkọrọ foton, ha na-agbanwe gaa n'ọkwa ike dị elu (ebe a na-agbagharị n'ala), a na-akpọkwa usoro a ebe a na-agbagharị n'ala. Ebe a na-agbagharị n'ala dị oke mkpa, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime usoro mgbapụta dị mkpa. Isi iyi nke laser ahụ na-enye ike photon iji mee ka ihe ndị dị na usoro uru gbanwee ma chere maka radieshon na-agbagharị n'ọkwa ike dị elu, na-ewepụta laser ahụ.

Radiation e mere ka ọ dị mma:

Mgbe ìhè nke ike mpụga (hv=E2-E1) na-enwu, elektrọn dị n'ọkwa ike dị elu na-akpali site na foton mpụga ma na-awụlikwa elu ruo n'ọkwa ike dị ala (oke okirikiri na-agba ọsọ ruo n'ọkwa dị ala). N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-ewepụta photon nke bụ kpọmkwem otu ihe ahụ dị ka photon mpụga. Usoro a anaghị anabata ìhè mkpali mbụ ahụ, yabụ a ga-enwe photon abụọ yiri ya, nke enwere ike ịghọta dị ka elektrọn na-agbapụta photon a mịrị amị na mbụ. A na-akpọ usoro luminescence a na-akpali akpali radieshon, nke bụ usoro azụ nke mmịpụta mkpali.

Mgbe ozizi ahụ doro anya, ọ dị nnọọ mfe iwuli laser, dịka egosiri na eserese dị n'elu: n'ọnọdụ nkịtị nke nkwụsi ike ihe, ọtụtụ elektrọn dị n'ọnọdụ ala, elektrọn dị n'ọnọdụ ala, leza na-adaberekwa na radieshon kpaliri. Ya mere, nhazi nke leza bụ ikwe ka mmịpụta mkpali mee ihe mbụ, na-eweta elektrọn na ọkwa ike dị elu, wee nye mkpali iji mee ka ọtụtụ elektrọn dị elu na-enweta radieshon kpaliri, na-ewepụta photons. Site na nke a, enwere ike ịmepụta leza. Na-esote, anyị ga-ewebata nhazi leza.

Ọdịdị laser:

Dakọọ usoro laser ahụ na ọnọdụ mmepụta laser ahụ e kwuru na mbụ otu otu:

Ọnọdụ ihe merenụ na nhazi kwekọrọ:

1. E nwere ihe na-enye uru nke na-enye mmetụta mmụba dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ laser, ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ ya nwere usoro ọkwa ike kwesịrị ekwesị maka imepụta radieshon mkpali (karịsịa nwere ike ịkwanye elektrọn gaa na orbitals ike dị elu ma dịrị ruo oge ụfọdụ, wee wepụta foton n'otu ume site na radieshon mkpali);

2. E nwere isi iyi mkpali mpụga (isi iyi mgbapụta) nke nwere ike ịgbapụ elektrọn site na ọkwa dị ala gaa na ọkwa dị elu, na-eme ka ọnụọgụgụ ihe dị n'ime ya gbanwee n'etiti ọkwa dị elu na nke dị ala nke laser (ya bụ, mgbe enwere ọtụtụ ihe dị elu karịa ihe dị ala), dịka oriọna xenon na laser YAG;

3. E nwere oghere resonant nke nwere ike iru oscillation laser, mee ka ogologo ọrụ nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ laser dịkwuo elu, kpuchie ụdị ebili mmiri ọkụ, chịkwaa ntụziaka mgbasa nke ìhè ahụ, jiri nhọrọ mee ka ugboro redio a na-akpali akpali dịkwuo elu iji melite monochromaticity (hụ na a na-ewepụta laser ahụ na ike ụfọdụ).

E gosiri usoro kwekọrọ na ya na eserese dị n'elu, nke bụ usoro dị mfe nke laser YAG. Usoro ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya karịa, mana isi ihe dị na ya bụ nke a. Usoro mmepụta laser egosiri na eserese ahụ:

Nhazi laser: nkewa na-abụkarị site na uru ma ọ bụ site na ụdị ike laser

Nweta nhazi ọkwa dị n'etiti:

Laser kabọn dioxide: Ihe na-eme ka laser carbon dioxide nweta uru bụ helium nalaser CO2,nwere ogologo laser nke 10.6um, nke bụ otu n'ime ngwaahịa laser mbụ ewepụtara. Mgbado laser mbụ dabere na laser carbon dioxide, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a maka ịgbado ọkụ na ịkpụ ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla (ákwà, plastik, osisi, wdg). Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa ya na igwe lithography. Enweghị ike ibufe laser carbon dioxide site na eriri anya ma na-agafe site na ụzọ anya oghere. E mere Tongkuai mbụ nke ọma, e jikwa ọtụtụ ngwa ịkpụ ihe;

Laser YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet): A na-eji kristal YAG nke e ji neodymium (Nd) ma ọ bụ yttrium (Yb) metal ion mee dị ka ihe na-enye laser uru, yana ogologo oge mwepụta nke 1.06um. Laser YAG nwere ike iwepụta pulses dị elu, mana ike nkezi dị ala, ike kachasị elu nwekwara ike iru ugboro 15 nke ike nkezi. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ laser pulse karịsịa, enweghị ike nweta mmepụta na-aga n'ihu; Mana enwere ike ibufe ya site na eriri anya, n'otu oge ahụ, ọnụego nnabata nke ihe ígwè na-abawanye, ọ na-amalitekwa itinye ya na ihe ndị na-egosipụta ihe dị elu, nke mbụ etinyere na ubi 3C;

Laser eriri: Ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ahịa ugbu a na-eji eriri ytterbium doped dị ka ihe na-enweta uru, yana ogologo ebili mmiri nke 1060nm. A na-ekewa ya ọzọ n'ime laser eriri na diski dabere na ọdịdị nke ihe na-eme; fiber optic na-anọchite anya IPG, ebe diski na-anọchite anya Tongkuai.

Laser Semiconductor: Ihe na-enye aka bụ njikọ PN nke semiconductor, ogologo nke laser semiconductor dịkwa na 976nm. Ugbu a, a na-ejikarị laser semiconductor dị nso na infrared eme ihe maka mkpuchi, yana ntụpọ ìhè karịrị 600um. Laserline bụ ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya laser semiconductor.

E kewara ya site n'ụdị ọrụ ike: Laser Pulse (PULSE), laser na-aga n'ihu (QCW), laser na-aga n'ihu (CW)

Laser Pulse: nanosecond, picosecond, femtosecond, laser pulse frequency a (ns, pulse width) nwere ike inweta ike peak dị elu, nhazi ugboro elu (MHZ), nke a na-eji ahazi ihe dị iche iche dịka ọla kọpa na aluminom, yana ihicha ya nke ukwuu. Site na iji ike peak dị elu, ọ nwere ike ịgbaze ihe dị n'okpuru ngwa ngwa, yana obere oge ọrụ na obere mpaghara metụtara okpomọkụ. O nwere uru na nhazi ihe dị oke mkpa (n'okpuru 0.5mm);

Laser na-aga n'ihu nke Quasi (QCW): N'ihi oke ugboro ugboro na obere okirikiri ọrụ (n'okpuru 50%), obosara pulse nkeLaser QCWỌ na-eru 50 us-50 ms, na-ejupụta oghere dị n'etiti laser eriri na-aga n'ihu nke kilowatt na laser Q-switched pulse; Ike kachasị elu nke laser eriri na-aga n'ihu nke quasi nwere ike iru ugboro iri nkezi ike n'okpuru ọrụ mode na-aga n'ihu. Laser QCW na-enwekarị ụdị abụọ, otu bụ ịgbado ọkụ na-aga n'ihu na obere ike, nke ọzọ bụ ịgbado ọkụ laser pulsed nwere ike kachasị elu nke ugboro iri nkezi ike, nke nwere ike iru ihe ndị dị arọ na ịgbado ọkụ karịa, ebe ọ na-achịkwa okpomọkụ n'ime obere oke;

Laser Na-aga n'ihu (CW): Nke a bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe, ọtụtụ n'ime laser ndị a na-ahụ n'ahịa bụ laser CW nke na-emepụta laser mgbe niile maka nhazi ịgbado ọkụ. A na-ekewa laser eriri n'ime laser otu-ụdị na multi-ụdị dịka dayameta isi na àgwà osisi dị iche iche si dị, enwere ike ịgbanwe ya ka ọ dabara na ọnọdụ ngwa dị iche iche.