Akụkọ Mmepe nke Ịgbado Laser

Ụzọ Ịgbado ọkụ maka obere na obere akụkụ Ịgbado ọkụ laser bụ ụzọ ịgbado ọkụ dị irè ma dị nkenke nke na-eji ọkụ laser dị elu dị ka isi iyi okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ngwa dị mkpa nke teknụzụ nhazi ihe laser. Na 1970s, a na-ejikarị ya agbado ihe ndị dị gịrịgịrị na ịgbado ọkụ dị ala, usoro ịgbado ọkụ ahụ bụkwa nke ụdị nnyefe okpomọkụ. Karịsịa, radieshon laser na-ekpo elu nke ọrụ ahụ, okpomọkụ dị n'elu na-agbasakwa n'ime site na nnyefe okpomọkụ. Site na ijikwa paramita dịka obosara, ike, ike kachasị elu, na ugboro ugboro nke mmegharị laser, a na-agbaze ihe eji arụ ọrụ ahụ iji mepụta ọdọ mmiri gbazere agbaze kpọmkwem. N'ihi uru pụrụ iche ya, etinyere ya nke ọma na yaịgbado ọkụ nke obere na obere akụkụ.Teknụzụ ịgbado ọkụ laser nke China so n'ọkwa kachasị elu n'ụwa. O nwere teknụzụ na ikike ịmepụta ihe mejupụtara titanium alloy dị mgbagwoju anya karịa mita 12 site na iji laser, a na-etinyekwa ya n'ọrụ na imepụta ngwaahịa nke ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha ụgbọ elu n'ime ụlọ. Na Ọktoba 2013, ọkachamara ịgbado ọkụ nke China meriri Brook Award, ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ kachasị elu n'ọhịa ịgbado ọkụ, nke kwadoro ọkwa ịgbado ọkụ laser nke China n'ụwa niile.

## Akụkọ Mmepe E mepụtara ọkụ laser mbụ n'ụwa na 1960 site na kristal ruby ​​na-atọ ụtọ nke nwere ọkụ ọkụ. Ike okpomọkụ nke kristal ahụ pere mpe, ọ nwere ike imepụta naanị obere ọkụ pulsed na obere ugboro. Ọ bụ ezie na ike pulse kacha elu ozugbo nwere ike iru 10^6 watts, ọ ka bụ nke mmepụta ike dị ala. Mkpanaka kristal yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) nke neodymium doped, nke nwere neodymium (Nd) dị ka ihe mkpali, nwere ike ịmepụta ọkụ laser otu-wavelength na-aga n'ihu na ike nke 1-8KW. Enwere ike ijikọ laser YAG, nke nwere ogologo ebili mmiri nke 1.06μm, na isi nhazi laser site na eriri anya na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere nhazi akụrụngwa na-agbanwe agbanwe na adabara maka ọrụ ịgbado ọkụ nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 0.5-6mm. Laser CO₂, nke na-eji carbon dioxide eme ihe dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali (nwere ogologo ebili mmiri nke 10.6μm), nwere ike nweta ike mmepụta nke ruru 25KW ma mepụta njikọta zuru oke nke efere 2mm dị arọ otu-gafee. A na-eji ya eme ihe nke ukwuu na nhazi ígwè na ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. N'etiti afọ 1980, njikọta laser, dị ka teknụzụ ọhụrụ, dọtara uche ndị mmadụ na Europe, United States, na Japan. Na 1985, ThyssenKrupp Steel AG (Germany) na Volkswagen AG (Germany) jikọrọ aka iji nweta oghere laser mbụ n'ụwa na ahụ Audi 100 nke ọma. Na afọ 1990, ndị na-emepụta ụgbọala bụ isi na Europe, North America, na Japan malitere iji teknụzụ laser welded mee ihe nke ukwuu na mmepụta ahụ ụgbọala. Ahụmịhe bara uru sitere na ụlọ nyocha na ndị na-emepụta ụgbọala egosila na enwere ike itinye oghere laser welded mee ihe nke ọma na mmepụta nke ahụ ụgbọala. Ịkwado ihe eji arụ ọrụ na laser na-eji ike laser ejikọta ma jikọta ọtụtụ ígwè, ígwè anaghị agba nchara, alloy aluminom, wdg na akpaghị aka, site na ihe dị iche iche, ọkpụrụkpụ, na mkpuchi n'ime efere, profaịlụ, ma ọ bụ panel sandwich. Nke a na-emezu ihe dị iche iche achọrọ maka arụmọrụ ihe dị na ya, ma na-enweta ngwa dị mfe nke nwere ibu kachasị mfe, nhazi kacha mma, na arụmọrụ kacha mma. Na mba ndị mepere emepe dịka Europe na United States,ịgbado ọkụ laserA naghị eji ya naanị n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ngwa njem kamakwa a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọhịa dịka owuwu ụlọ, àkwà mmiri, mmepụta ngwa ụlọ, na ịgbado ígwè n'ahịrị mpịakọta (njikọ efere na-aga n'ihu na mpịakọta). Ụlọ ọrụ ịgbado ọkụ laser a ma ama n'ụwa niile gụnyere Soudonic (Switzerland), ArcelorMittal Group (France), ThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany), Servo-Robot (Canada), na Precitec (Germany). Ngwa nke teknụzụ oghere laser na China amalitela. Na Ọktoba 25, 2002, etinyere ahịrị mmepụta azụmahịa mbụ nke China maka oghere laser na-agbado ọkụ. Wuhan ThyssenKrupp Zhongren Laser Tailor Welding sitere na ThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany) webatara ya. Mgbe e mesịrị, Shanghai Baosteel Arcelor Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., FAW Baoyou Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ malitere imepụta ya n'usoro. Na 2003, mba ofesi mepụtara waya CO₂ laser filler nke nwere ike ịgbado ọkụ okpukpu abụọ na nke a na-akpọ "double-beam CO₂ laser filler waya"YAG laser ihe nju oyi waya ịgbado ọkụmaka nhazi mgbidi A318 alloy aluminum alloy. Teknụzụ a dochie usoro ochie nke a na-akpọ rivet, na-ebelata ibu nke fuselage ụgbọelu site na 20% ma na-echekwa 20% nke ọnụ ahịa. Gong Shuili kwenyere na teknụzụ ịgbado ọkụ laser ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe na nkwalite nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ụgbọelu ọdịnala China. O tinyere akwụkwọ ozugbo maka ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha tupu oge eruo, hazie otu nyocha, ma buru ụzọ webata teknụzụ "ịgbado ọkụ laser okpukpu abụọ" n'ime ọrụ nyocha na China. Site na mmalite, o mere atụmatụ itinye teknụzụ a n'ọrụ mmepụta ụgbọelu. Ndị otu ọkachamara China kọọrọ ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ụgbọelu teknụzụ mbụ ma kwalite uru na ohere nke ịgbado ọkụ laser okpukpu abụọ. Mgbe emechara nyocha na nyocha dị iche iche, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi kpebiri itinye teknụzụ a n'ọrụ mmepụta nke panel mgbidi ribbed maka ụgbọelu ụfọdụ, na-emezu ebumnuche mbụ nke itinye teknụzụ "ịgbado ọkụ laser okpukpu abụọ" na mmepụta ụgbọelu. O kewara site na teknụzụ ndị dị mkpa dịka njikwa ziri ezi nke waya ndochi laser maka alloys dị mfe, mepụta ngwaọrụ ndochi laser abụọ nke agba abụọ agbakwunyere ma dị ọhụrụ, guzobe ikpo okwu ndochi laser mbụ dị elu nke China, mepụta njikọta abụọ na akụkụ abụọ nke njikọ T na nnukwu mgbidi dị gịrịgịrị, ma tinye ya nke ọma na mmepụta ndochi nke akụkụ nhazi nke panel mgbidi ụgbọ elu maka oge mbụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke ụgbọelu ọhụrụ China. Na 2003, ngwa mbụ nke HG Laser nyere nke buru ibu n'ime ụlọ nke ejiri igwe ndochi laser mee gafere nnabata offline. Ngwa a na-ejikọta ịkpụ laser, ịgbado ọkụ, na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ, na-eme ka HG Laser bụrụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nke anọ n'ụwa nwere ike imepụta ngwa dị otú ahụ. Na 2004, ọrụ "High-Power Laser Cutting, Welding and Combined Cutting-Walding Processing Technology and Equipment" nke HG Laser Farley Laserlab meriri ihe nrite nke abụọ nke National Science and Technology Progress Award, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ laser na China nwere ikike R&D nke teknụzụ na akụrụngwa a. Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ laser ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ahịa etinyela ihe achọrọ dị elu maka teknụzụ nhazi laser. Teknụzụ laser agbanweela nwayọ nwayọ site na ngwa otu gaa na ngwa dị iche iche. N'ihe gbasara nhazi laser, ọ bụghịzi naanị na ịkpụ ma ọ bụ ịgbado ọkụ otu. Ọchịchọ ahịa maka akụrụngwa nhazi laser agbakwunyere nke na-ejikọta ịkpụ na ịgbado ọkụ na-abawanye, si otú a apụtala ngwa ịkpụ na ịgbado ọkụ laser agbakwunyere. HG Laser Farley Laserlab mepụtara igwe ịkpụ na ịgbado ọkụ agbakwunyere Walc9030, nke nwere usoro buru ibu nke mita 9×3, nke bụ ugbu a akụrụngwa ịkpụ na ịgbado ọkụ laser kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Walc9030 bụ ngwa ịkpụ na ịgbado ọkụ nnukwu nke na-ejikọtaọrụ ịkpụ laser na ịgbado ọkụ laser. E ji isi ịkpụcha ọkachamara na isi ịgbado ọkụ rụọ ya, isi nhazi abụọ ahụ na-ekerịta otu ogwe. Teknụzụ njikwa ọnụọgụgụ na-eme ka ha ghara itinye aka na ibe ha. Ngwaọrụ ahụ nwere ike mezue usoro abụọ chọrọ ịkpụcha na ịgbado ọkụ n'otu oge. Ọ nwere ike ịgbanwe n'efu n'etiti ịkpụcha mbụ wee gbado ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ịgbado ọkụ mbụ wee bee, na-emezu ma ọrụ ịkpụcha laser na ịgbado ọkụ na otu ngwaọrụ na-enweghị mkpa maka akụrụngwa ọzọ. Nke a na-azọpụta ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa maka ndị nrụpụta ngwa, na-eme ka arụmọrụ nhazi na oke nhazi ka mma. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi njikọta nke ịkpụ na ịgbado ọkụ, a na-ekwe nkwa izi ezi nhazi zuru oke, arụmọrụ akụrụngwa dịkwa irè ma kwụsie ike. Na mgbakwunye, ọ meriela ihe isi ike nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke efere n'oge nhazi-ịgbado ọkụ nke efere buru ibu na mmezu kwụsiri ike nke ụzọ anya na-efe efe dị ogologo. Ọ nwere ike ịgbado efere abụọ dị larịị nke mita 6 n'ogologo na mita 1.5 n'obosara n'otu oge, elu a na-agbado ọkụ dịkwa nro ma dị larịị na-enweghị nhazi ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ nwere ike ịkpụ efere nwere obosara nke mita atọ, ogologo ya karịrị mita isii, na ọkpụrụkpụ ya na-erughị 20mm n'otu usoro nhazi na-enweghị ọnọdụ nke abụọ. Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, mere mmekorita mba ụwa na IHI Corporation (Japan). Na-agbaso atụmatụ mmepe sayensị na teknụzụ mba nke "iwebata, mgbaze, ịmịkọrọ, na imegharị ihe ọhụrụ", o meriri ọtụtụ teknụzụ dị mkpa nkeịgbado ọkụ laser, mepụtara usoro mbụ nke usoro mmepụta laser zuru oke na China na Septemba 2006, ma mepụta sistemụ ịgbado ọkụ laser robot nke ọma, na-emezu njikọta laser nke usoro planar na oghere. Na Ọktoba 2013, ọkachamara ịgbado ọkụ China meriri Brook Award, ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ kachasị elu n'ọhịa ịgbado ọkụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ịgbado ọkụ (TWI, UK) na-akwado ma na-ahọpụta ndị ga-achọ ọrụ kwa afọ site na ihe karịrị otu ndị otu 4,000 na mba karịrị 120, ma mechaa nye otu ọkachamara ihe nrite a n'ịkwado onyinye pụrụ iche ha nyere na sayensị na teknụzụ nke ịgbado ọkụ ma ọ bụ ijikọ na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ ya. Ihe nrite a abụghị naanị nkwanye ùgwù nke Gong Shuili na ndị otu ya kamakwa nkwenye nke ọrụ AVIC n'ịkwalite ọganihu nke teknụzụ ijikọ ihe.

## Paramita nhazi

### Ngwaọrụ Ọrụ Ọ mejupụtara oscillator anya na ihe dị n'etiti enyo ndị ahụ na nsọtụ abụọ nke oghere oscillator. Mgbe ihe dị n'etiti ya kpaliri ruo n'ọnọdụ ike dị elu, ọ na-amalite imepụta ebili mmiri ọkụ n'ime usoro, nke na-atụgharị azụ na azụ n'etiti enyo ndị dị na nsọtụ abụọ ahụ, na-emepụta mmetụta njikọ fotoelectric. Nke a na-eme ka ebili mmiri ọkụ dịkwuo elu, mgbe enwetakwara ike zuru oke, a na-ewepụta laser ahụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa laser dị ka ngwaọrụ nke na-agbanwe isi iyi ike dị ka ike eletriki, ike kemịkalụ, ike okpomọkụ, ike ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ike nuklia ka ọ bụrụ ebili radieshon electromagnetic nke ugboro anya pụrụ iche (ìhè ultraviolet, ìhè a na-ahụ anya, ma ọ bụ ìhè infrared). Enwere ike ime mgbanwe a ngwa ngwa na ụfọdụ mgbasa ozi siri ike, mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ gas. Mgbe mgbasa ozi ndị a na-akpali akpali n'ụdị atọm ma ọ bụ molekul, ha na-emepụta ebili ọkụ nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu usoro na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ebili mmiri - laser. N'ihi ihe onwunwe ya n'ime usoro na otu ogologo ebili mmiri, akụkụ ọdịiche dị obere, enwere ike ibufe ya n'ebe dị anya tupu e tinye ya n'ọrụ dị ukwuu iji nye ọrụ dịka ịgbado ọkụ, ịkpụ, na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ. ### Nkewa nke Lasers E nwere ụdị laser abụọ e ji agbado ọkụ, ya bụ laser CO₂ na laser Nd:YAG. Ma laser CO₂ na laser Nd:YAG bụ ìhè infrared a na-adịghị ahụ anya nye anya gba ọtọ. Ìhè nke laser Nd:YAG mepụtara bụ ìhè infrared dị nso na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 1.06μm. Ndị na-eduzi okpomọkụ nwere oke mmịpụta dị elu maka ìhè nke ogologo ebili mmiri a, na maka ọtụtụ ọla, ntụgharị uche bụ 20%-30%. Enwere ike ilekwasị anya ìhè infrared dị nso na dayameta nke 0.25mm site na iji anya anya nkịtị. Ìhè nke laser CO₂ bụ ìhè infrared dị anya na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 10.6μm. Ọtụtụ ígwè nwere ihe ngosi nke 80%-90% maka ụdị ìhè a, yabụ a chọrọ lensị anya pụrụ iche iji lekwasị anya na dayameta nke 0.75-1.0mm. Ike nke lensị Nd:YAG nwere ike iru ihe dị ka 4,000-6,000W, ike kachasị ugbu a erutela 10,000W. N'aka nke ọzọ, ike nke lensị CO₂ nwere ike iru 20,000W ma ọ bụ karịa. Lensị CO₂ dị ike na-edozi nsogbu nke ihe ngosi dị elu site na mmetụta oghere igodo. Mgbe elu ihe nke ìhè na-enwu gbaa gbazee, a na-emepụta oghere igodo. Oghere igodo a jupụtara na uzuoku dị ka ahụ ojii, nke na-amịkọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ike niile nke ìhè merenụ. Okpomọkụ nhata dị n'ime oghere igodo na-eru ihe dị ka 25,000°C, ihe ngosi na-ebelatakwa ngwa ngwa n'ime obere sekọnd ole na ole. Ọ bụ ezie na isi ihe dị mkpa nke laser CO₂ ka na-elekwasị anya na mmepe na nyocha akụrụngwa, ọ bụghịzi maka ịbawanye ike mmepụta kachasị, kama ọ bụ maka otu esi eme ka mma nke ọkụ eletrik na arụmọrụ ya dịkwuo mma. Na mgbakwunye, mgbe ejiri argon dị ka gas nchekwa maka ịgbado ọkụ laser CO₂ na ike karịrị 10kW, ọ na-akpalite plasma siri ike, nke na-ebelata omimi ịbanye. Ya mere, a na-ejikarị helium, nke na-anaghị emepụta plasma, eme ihe dị ka gas nchekwa maka ịgbado ọkụ laser CO₂ dị elu. Ngwa nke njikọta laser diode maka kristal Nd:YAG dị elu na-akpali akpali bụ isiokwu nyocha na mmepe dị mkpa, nke ga-eme ka mma nke ọkụ laser ka mma ma mepụta nhazi laser dị irè karị. Ojiji nke usoro diode kpọmkwem iji kpalie ma wepụta lasers na mpaghara infrared dị nso enwetala ike nkezi nke 1kW na arụmọrụ mgbanwe fotoelectric nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 50%. Diodes nwekwara ndụ ọrụ ogologo oge (awa 10,000), nke na-enyere aka belata ọnụ ahịa mmezi nke akụrụngwa laser. Mmepe nke ngwa laser siri ike nke diode-pumped (DPSSL) na-agakwa n'ihu.